Question 1:
In photolithography, the process use to design chips, a mask in the shape of the desired pattern blocks light from reaching the coating as shown in the figure. Now to acurately reproduce features on the die, the wave length of the light must be at least as small as the features themselves.
X-rays are not very commonly used in photolithographic process because;

1. The materials opaque to light are not necessarily opaque to X-rays.
2. X-rays have long wavelength compared to visible light.
3. With X-rays the mask must be the size of the features themselves.
4. It is not easy to have a reliable X-ray source.

Answer

Question 2:
Today's maganetic-storage densities are around 100 Kbyte per cubic centimetre but the density of a holographic data storage can be;

1. 100 Kbyte per cubic centimetre.
2. 1 Gbyte per cubic centimetre.
3. 10 Gbyte per cubic centimetre.
4. 1 Tbyte per cubic centimetre.

Answer

Question 3:
In case of molecular memory data is read and written using;

1. light of different colours.
2. lasers of different colours.
3. lasers of same colours.
4. lasers of red colours.

Answer

Question 4:
How fast data can be accessed in a molecular memory system?

1. in about 10 milliseconds.
2. in about 100 milliseconds.
3. in about 1000 milliseconds.
4. in about 1000 seconds.

Answer

Question 5:
In molecular memory data is obtained in parallel giving a rate of 10MBps (10 million bits per second). This speed is similar to that of slow semiconductor memory.We can still compare the performance of these two systems in a way that;

1. molecular memory is cheaper.
2. molecular memory can operate over a long range of temperatures.
3. molecular memory is an energy-efficient system.
4. molecular memory is faster than semiconductor RAM (random access memory).

Answer

Question 6:
What is a bus?

1. A set of wires to provide power to various components of a computer.
2. A set of wires reponsible for the exchange of data within a computer.
3. A unit of data transfer between computers.

Answer

Question 7:
What does PCI stand for and which company designed it?

1. Peripheral computer interface by IBM.
2. Peripheral communication interface by intel.
3. Peripheral component interface by intel.
4. Peripheral centralised interrupt by IBM.

Answer

Question 8:
Which of the following forms of buses is likely to replace SCSI buses, and possibly be used to connect high speed peripherals ?

1. SSA
2. USB
3. FireWire
4. FC-AL

Answer

Question 9:
Which of the following problems can be identified with gesture recognition?

1. Variations in gesture movemet.
2. Not knowing where gestures start or end.
3. Variations and non-uniqueness of gestures.
4. Speed of hand movent.

Answer

Question 10:
What characteristics of the dataglove distinguish it from other input devices?

1. It uses natural human gestures, and operates in 3D.
2. It does not require software drivers.
3. It is artificially inteligent.
4. It consumes an extremely large amounts of power.

Answer

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Answers to Questions

http://www-students.doc.ic.ac.uk/~ary/article1/photo.html

Answer to Q2:

The answer is 3
3D holographic data storage system uses lasers for both reading and writing blocks of data or pages. Theoratically thosands of pages, each containing 1 million bits can be stored in a cubic centimetre, giving storage capacity of 1 Tbyte per cubic centimetre.
Practically storage density of 10 Gbyte per cubic centimetre is expected to be achieved.

References

http://www-students.doc.ic.ac.uk/~ary/article1/index.html

Answer to Q3:

The answer is 3
In a molecular memory system data is read and written using different colours of lasers.
To write data, first a yellow "paging" laser fires to pump up the molecules to the 0 state. A spatial light modulator (SLM), which is an LCD array, slices this beam so that it exites a 2-D plane of material inside the cuvett. This energised plane of material is a data page that has the ability to hold an array of 4096 by 4096 bits. Before the protein can return to its reseting state, a read data-write laser, located at right angles to the paging laser, fires. Another SLM displays the binary data, and it sections up this beam so that certain spots on the page are irradiated. Molecules at these locations convert to the Q state and represent binary 1s on the page. The remainder of the page returns to the rest state and represents binary 0s.

To read data, the paging laser fires again, which exites the targeted page in to the O state. This is due to further widen the absorption spectra differences between digital 0s and 1s. Two milliseconds later, a low-intensive red lase bathes the page. The low intensity is required to prevent the molecules from the flipping in to Q state. Molecules representing 0s absorbed the red light, while those in the binary 1 state let the beam pass through. This creates a checkboard pattern of light and dark spots on the CID array, which captures the image as a page of digital information. To erase data, a brief pulse from a blue laser returns the molecules in the Q state back to the rest state.

References

http://www-students.doc.ic.ac.uk/~ary/article1/Mole.html

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Answer to Q4:

The answer is 1
While a molecule changes its state within microseconds, the combined step to perform a read or write operation takes about 10 milliseconds.

References

http://www-students.doc.ic.ac.uk/~ary/article1/Mole.html

Answer to Q5:

1,2 and 3 are all correct answers.
Since molecular memory system is based on protein therfore is inexpensive to produce in quantity.
The system has an ability to operate over a wider range of temperatures than semiconductor memory.
The data stored in the protein is stable for many years (about five years) that means if the memory system's power is turned off, the molecules retain their information. This makes the computer system an energy efficient system that can powered down yet still be ready to work with immediately because the contents of its memory are preserved.
The forth statement is not true at this time but will be in near future. By ganging up eight storage cells so that entire bytes can be accessed in parallel, it is believed that an 80MBps rate is possible. Problems with the lens system and protein quality limit the system to this amount for now. In fact, genetic engineering is being used to boost the output of the protein by the bacterium.

References

Tom Thomson, "What's Next, "Byte, April 1996, PP. 50-51.

Answer to Q6:

Both 1 and 2 are correct.
A bus is basically a collection of wires which is responsible for the ininterconnection of various components of the micro computer together, in order to allow for the exchange data between these components and provide power to them.

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Answer to Q7:

The answer is 3.
In 1992 Intel released its own local bus technology called PCI(peripheral component interface). One of the PCIs features is that of not being quite as local to the CPU but, instead operates over a bride to the CPU. This has the added advantage of making it totally processor independent with a bridge chipset abstracting the CPU signals.

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Answer to Q8:

The answer is 4
FC-AL is probably the best alternative to SCSI buses. The reason being that, it provides a substantial bandwidth, with speeds over 100MBps, and is twice as fast as the fastest SCSI availble. Its configuration enables hot-plugging. It can support up to 126 devices on a single port.Also many computers already provide FC-AL for host to host communications.

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Answer to Q9:

1, 2 and 3 are all correct.
The use of natural hand gestures for computer input provides oppotunities for direct manipulation in computing environments, but not without some challenges. The mapping of a human gesture onto a particular system is not nearly as easy as mapping with a mouse or a keyboard. Reasons for this include individual variations in the exact gesture movement, the problem of knowing when a gesture starts and end, and variations in the relative positions of other parts of the body which might help to identify the gesture but are not measured. A further difficulty stems from limitations on the number of gestures a person can remember and reproduce.

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Answer to Q10:

The answer is 1
Traditional input devices (e.g.: keyboard) do not use natural gestures. Mice and light pens allow for two dimensional input (plus a button to depress) and enable a limited set of gestures for inputs. The dataglove is mainly used as a hand gesture input device to Virtual Reality (VR) systems as well as non virtual (real systems). This is different from the rest, in that, as it goes beyond the previous generations of input devices, giving the computer the ability to recognise human gestures, instead of requiring the user to learn the correct sequences of control.

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