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Department of Computing: Robotics Lecture Course (Course code 60019/70084)

I teach the Robotics Course in the Department of Computing, attended by third years and MSc students. This is a one term course which focuses on mobile robotics, and aims to cover the basic issues in this dynamic field via lectures and a large practical element where students work in groups with real robot kits. The course introduces algorithms for mobile robotics, with a "learn by doing" and "build robots and algorithms from scratch" philosophy.

We will implement mobile robotics algorithms using Lego Mindstorms NXT parts, motors and sensors, controlled and programmed via Raspberry Pi single board Linux computers using BrickPi interface boards.

The course usually finishes with a competition where the groups compete to build and program the robot which can most effectively complete a certain challenge against the clock. See the bottom of this page for some pictures and videos from previous years' competitions.

Thanks to Seth Nabarro, Marwan Taher, Xin Kong, Eric Dexheimer, Shinjeong Kim and Nicholas Fry who are the current lab assistants and are another point of contact for any problem.

Spring 2025 Important Information

Course Schedule

IMPORTANT: for the first week only (January 14th and 16th), there will be no practicals, and instead two hours of live lecture at 2-4pm on Tuesday 14th, and one hour of remote lecture at 2pm-3pm on Thursday 16th. The 3-4pm slot on Thursday 16th will be empty.

For all other weeks of the course, we will have a single hour of face-to-face lecture, on Tuesday at 2pm, in lecture room 311, Huxley Building. The other three hours will be a compulsory practical session, held in the teaching labs on level 2, Huxley Building.

All lectures will be recorded and uploaded soon after to PANOPTO to watch again in folder CO COMP60019 / COMP70084 - Robotics (Spring 2024-2025).

The full plan for lectures and tutorials will be kept up to date below, and I will announce any changes in lectures, by email and on EdStem.

Lecture slides and practical sheets for the course will be available from the links below (the links will come alive week by week throughout term, usually just before that week's live lecture, and you won't need to look at them before the lectures).

Practicals

For practicals, you will work in fixed groups throughout term. Each group will receive a Robotics kit in a plastic box, and the group will keep this kit and be responsible for it throughout term. Please organise yourselves into groups of 4 or 5 members. It is not crucial to be in a fixed team during the first lecture week of the course, but please settle on your group by the first practical on Tuesday Jan 21st.

Live practical sessions will take place in the teaching labs on level 2 in the Huxley Building and all students should attend to work in your groups. A large team of TAs and I will be present for all practical sessions to help with all of your questions.

There will be a new practical exercise set every week. These will be announced in lectures and a detailed practical sheet explaining what to do will be made available from the links in the schedule on this web page. You will be able to work on these exercises during the live practical sessions with the support of TAs, and use your own time outside of practical sessions to complete the exercises. General support outside of live sessions is available via EdStem.

Some practicals during term will be assessed. It will say clearly on the schedule and on each practical sheet whether the practical is assessed, and the mark scheme for assessment. The way we assess practicals is via a face to face discussion and live demonstration of your work with me or one of the teaching assistants in the labs. You will have one week to work on each of the assessed exercises, and the sessions when the assessments will happen are marked in the schedule above. The exact goals of each exercise and what you will have to demonstrate will be explained clearly in the practical sheets. These assessed practicals form the only coursework element of the Robotics course. No additional assessed exercises will be set and you will not need to submit any coursework documents or code. We will add up all marks from the assessed practicals throughout term to form a final coursework mark for each group. All members of a group will receive the same mark by default.

Additional Handouts

Robot Floor Cleaner Case Study: a tutorial we have used in previous years of Robotics to get students thinking about and discussing some of the capabilities of mobile robotic products. Questions and Answers.

Monte Carlo Localization: Efficient Position Estimation for Mobile Robots, Dieter Fox, Wolfram Burgard, Frank Dellaert, Sebastian Thrun. The original paper on MCL.

Rearrangement: A Challenge for Embodied AI, Dhruv Batra, Angel X. Chang, Sonia Chernova, Andrew J. Davison, Jia Deng, Vladlen Koltun, Sergey Levine, Jitendra Malik, Igor Mordatch, Roozbeh Mottaghi, Manolis Savva, Hao Su. An up-to-date discussion of the current challenges in robotics and embodied AI research, with a focus on research using simulation platforms (including Imperial's own RLBench, which is based on CoppeliaSim).

Acknowledgements

Thank you very much to Stefan Leutenegger, Duncan White, Geoff Bruce, LLoyd Kamara, Maria Valera-Espina, Riku Murai, Kirill Mazur, Aalok Patwardhan, Ignacio Alzuguray, Shikun Liu, Stephen James, Tristan Laidlow, Raluca Scona, Shuaifeng Zhi, Jan Czarnowski, Charlie Houseago, Binbin Xu, Zoe Landgraf, Hide Matsuki, Edgar Sucar, Joe Ortiz, Kentaro Wada, Andrea Nicastro, Robert Lukierski, Lukas Platinsky, Jan Jachnik, Jacek Zienkiewicz, Jindong Liu, Adrien Angeli, Ankur Handa and Simon Overell who helped enormously with the course in previous years; and to Ian Harries and Keith Clark who developed earlier material from which the current course has evolved. In particular Ian Harries deserves the credit for making this the practically-driven course it still is today.

Localisation Challenge in 2018

The 2018 challenge was about accurate and fast localisation against a map, with robots starting in a randomly placed location and having to visit other waypoints as quickly as possible. The winning team of Qiulin Wang, Rui Zhou, Jianqiao Cheng and Chengzhi Shi had an extremely fast and efficient robot!

Path Planning Challenge in 2017

This year we had a path planning challenge, where the groups had to program their robots to use their sonar sensor to detect obstacles in a crowded area and then use a local planning approach to find a smooth but fast route across. Most groups followed the Dynamic Window Approach that I had shown in the lectures (and which you can try in simulation using this python code). This video shows the incredibly fast and smooth robot from the winning team of Alessandro Bonardi, Alberto Spina and Riku Murai. Thanks to Charlie Housego for the photo, video and commentary!

Object Finding Challenge in 2016

This year we tried quite a different challenge, but as ever with the emphasis on sensing, accurate localisation and speed. Three bottles were randomly placed within the course area which we have previously used for Monte Carlo Localisation, and the goal was to find them, proving this by bumping into each in turn, and then returning to the starting point within the course to prove that the robot was still localised. Several teams did very well, and the challenge was won by the team of Saurav Mitra, Andrew Li, Daniel Grumberg and Mohammad Karamlou who had a very fast and innovative strategy.

Localisation Challenge in 2015

This year we again had a large class (150) and introduced new custom motor controllor software by Stefan Leutenegger and Jan Jachnik to run on the Raspberry Pi/BrickPi kits. The groups had to tune their own PID controllers to make their robots move smoothly and repeatably. The final challenge was localisation in a course next to a wall, where three locations had to be visited as quickly as possible. The challenge was won by the team of Arnas Kaminskas, Baisheng Song, Jiayun Ding, Siqi Wei and Yiming Lin who overcame various hardware difficulties during to course to build a very well calibrated and precise robot.

Localisation Challenge in 2014

In 2014, with more students than ever on the course (140+), for the first time we used a new robotics platform with the combination of Raspberry Pi/BrickPi/Python/Lego NXT motors and sensors. For this year's challenge the groups had to build robots which used odometry and sonar to solve a tricky localisation and navigation problem as fast as possible. Within a walled area for which the teams were given a map in advance, the robot was placed in one of five known locations chosen randomly and at a random orientation. It had to recognise its location by taking a sonar scan and matching this against saved templates, then set off to navigate to each of the other four locations in turn before returning to its start point, using continuous Monte Carlo Localisation or other techniques of the group's choice. Accurate motor control proved to be tricky via BrickPi (something we have hopefully improved substantially for 2015 with new low level control software), but some groups still achieved very good solutions. This is the very impressive winning robot from the team of Christos Karamanos, Panos Evagorou, Pamela Cruz and Andrew Jack which used the sonar to full advantage during navigation by deliberately turning it to point orthogonally at walls for high quality measurements.

Mapping and Navigation Challenge in 2012

This year we had a completely new challenge where the teams had to build robots able to cross an area filled with obstacles without bumping into any of them. The robots had to rely on good odometry for localisation, and then use sonar to detect obstacles and plan a path between them. Marks were given depending on how far the robots managed to advance, with extra time points for those teams that made it all the way across. The starting point was the techniques for occupancy grid mapping we had learnt in the course, but the desire for speed meant that many teams switched to simpler methods due to the high computational cost of occupancy mapping.

The winning robot was developed by Nicolas Paglieri, Clemens Lutz, Antonio Azevedo and Francesco Giovannini and completed the challenge in a remarkably fast 21 seconds, though impressively around half of the teams completed the whole course and a couple came close to this time. The winning team's robot used the Lego light sensors cleverly as proximity sensors, allowing giving the robot an extra obstacle sensor which was particularly useful at high speed, and this together with fast planning gave them the best time.

MTS

Localisation Challenge in 2011

We used quite a different layout for this year's localisation challenge, with the robots needing to recognise their location and orientation in one of three randomly chosen places and then navigate fast along a long corridor to pre-determined waypoints. Marks were given both for accuracy and time.

The winners' robot was remarkably precise, and its motion included particularly nice curved entries into the waypoint spaces, all while maintaining very good speed such that it beat its nearest competitor by 8 seconds. The members of the winning group were Alexandre Vicente, Ajay Lakshmanan, Garance Bruneau, Kevin Keraudren, Axel Bonnet and Zae Kim (video courtesy of Jindong Liu).

MP4

Localisation Challenge in 2010

The challenge this year was similar to 2009, but in a new course and with a marking scheme which emphasized accuracy over speed. Again, the robots were placed randomly by me at one of five pre-learned waypoints and had to determine their locations and navigate autonomously to all of the other waypoints --- within 5cm accuracy to gain full marks, which was a challenging problem.

The winning team this time consisted of Jim Li, Daniel Abebe, Robert Kopaczyk, Nicholas Heung and Cheuk Tam, and their robot's successful completion of the course in under 40 seconds is shown below (video courtesy of the team).

Localisation Challenge in 2009

This year's competition challenge required the robots to first localise from scratch at one of five pre-learned locations, and then to localise continuously to navigate around a route of waypoints. The whole process was timed so there was some need to trade off accuracy for speed in order to win.

Again there were several teams which achieved the challenge impressively within the target time of 30 seconds, but the winners by a narrow margin were Ivan Dryanovski, Tingting Li, Wenbin Li, Edmund Noon and Ke Wang whose winning run is shown in the video below (video courtesy of the team).

MPEG

Monte Carlo Localisation in 2008

The challenge at the end of the course in 2008 was to implement a probabilistic localisation algorithm based on particle filtering, using the Lego Mindstorms NXT kits with motor odometry, sonar and compass sensors. The groups were given a "map" of a small enclosed area, indicating the measured locations of walls relative to a fixed coordinate system. The goal was to use Monte Carlo Localisation to keep a continuous estimate of the moving robot's position which was good enough to accurately follow a pre-defined path through a sequence of waypoints.

Several of the teams achieved good results, and one or two even made promising progress on the more difficult problem of global localisation (the "kidnapped robot problem"), where the robot had to initialise a localisation estimate from scratch when dropped at an arbitrary position in the course. This video shows the robot of the team of David Passingham, Vincent Dedoyard, John Payce and Mengru Li in action (video courtesy of the team).

Robot Obstacle Course in 2007

At the end of the course in 2007 we had a robot obstacle course challenge where the students in groups of three or four designed Lego robots to reach a light beacon while bouncing off and avoiding obstacles. The robots used light sensors to detect the direction of the bright light and bump sensors to detect collisions. Each of the robots was timed over three runs from different start points on a course constructed by Simon Overell.