Robert Kowalski
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To appear in "International Directory of Logicians" (provisional title), Dov M. Gabbay & John Woods (eds.) Elsevier.
Production rules and logic programs can be combined in a single logic-based framework. The framework gives both an operational and model-theoretic semantics to production rules, as well as to logic programs extended with a database of facts that is modified by destructive assignment.
The model-theoretic semantics is obtained by separating the production system working memory into facts and goals. Logic programs are used to define ramifications of the facts and to reduce goals to sub-goals, including actions. The execution of actions generates a sequence of states, which serves as a candidate model of the production rul
es.To appear in Argumentation in Artificial Intelligence edited by I. Rahwan and G. Simari) Springer, 2009.
To appear in The Psychology of Conditionals edited by M. Oaksford. OUP, 2009.
Reasoning with conditionals has been the focus of much research in Cognitive Psychology, but has attracted comparatively less attention in Artificial Intelligence. However, if you scratch below the surface, it soon becomes apparent that conditionals, in one form or another, are arguably the most common form of knowledge representation in Artificial Intelligence. They are employed in such diverse paradigms as production systems, logic programming, and Baysian networks; and much theoretical and practical experience has been accumulated with their use.
The purpose of this paper is to suggest that work on conditionals in Artificial Intelligence and in Cognitive Psychology is complementary and can be mutually beneficial to both areas. I will focus on the work in Artificial Intelligence and will argue in particular that abductive logic programming combines many of the diverse features of conditionals in other Artificial Intelligence paradigms.
I am writing a book that presents the principles of Computational Logic informally, so that they can be applied by people in everyday life.
I have written the book informally, both to reach a wider audience and to demonstrate that the enhanced logic is indeed useful for human thinking.I gave a short course based on this book at the The International Center for Computational Logic (ICCL) 2008 summer school on Computational Logic and Cognitive Science. A copy of the slides that accompanied the course can be found at:
http://www.computational-logic.org/content/events/iccl-ss-2008/lectures.php?id=24
My colleague, Jacinto Davila, has also used a draft of this book for a course at Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela. Here is a link to his Spanish translation of an earlier draft:
http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/ingenieria/jacinto/kowalski/logica-de-agentes.html
I would be very grateful for any comments on the book. Please send them to me at rak at doc.ic.ac.uk.
The book, originally published by North-Holland in 1979, is now out of print.
Chapter 10 Comparison of Clausal Form with Standard Form 469KB
Early papers on theorem-proving, logic programming and knowledge representation:
Kowalski, R. and Kuehner, D.,
Kowalski, R., Predicate Logic as Programming Language
In Proceedings IFIP Congress, Stockholm, North Holland Publishing Co., 1974, pp. 569-574.
Reprinted in Computers for Artificial Intelligence Applications, (eds. Wah, B. and Li, G.-J.), IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Angeles, 1986, pp. 68-73.
Kowalski, R.
A Proof
Procedure Using Connection Graphs
In JACM Vol. 22, No. 4, 1975, pp. 572-595.
van Emden, M. and Kowalski, R.
The
Semantics of Predicate Logic as a Programming Language
In JACM , Vol. 23, No. 4, 1976, pp. 733-742.
Deliyanni, A. and Kowalski, R.
Logic and Semantic Networks
In CACM, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1979, pp. 184-192.
Kowalski, R.
Algorithm = Logic + Control
In CACM, Vol. 22, No. 7, 1979, pp. 424-436. Reprinted in Programming
Languages: A Grand Tour, Third Edition, (ed. E. Horwitz),
Computer Science Press, Maryland, 1986, pp. 480-492.
Kowalski, R.
The Relationship between Logic Programming and Logic Specification
In Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, Vol 312, 1984, pp. 345-361.
Kowalski, R.
The
Limitations of Logic
In Proceedings of ACM Computer Science Conference, 1986, pp 7-13. Revised
version in Proceedings of SEAS, Heidelberg, 1986, pp. 1-13. Also in Knowledge
Base Management Systems, (eds. C. Thanos and J. W. Schmidt), Springer-Verlag,
pp. 477-489.
Kowalski, R., Sadri, F. and Soper,
P.
Integrity Checking in Deductive Databases
In Proceedings of VLDB, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Ca., 1987, pp. 61-69.
Kowalski, R.
The
Early Years of Logic Programming
In CACM, 1988, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 38-43.
Legal reasoning and argumentation
Sergot, M., Sadri, F., Kowalski,
R., Kriwaczek, F., Hammond, P., and Cory,T.
The British Nationality Act as a Logic Program
In CACM, Vol. 29, No. 5, 1986, pp. 370-386.
Kowalski, R.
The
Treatment of Negation in Logic Programs for Representing Legislation
In Proceedings of Second International Conference on AI and Law, (ed. E.
Rissland) Vancouver, Canada, ACM Press, 1989, pp. 11-15.
R.
Kowalski,
Legislation as
Logic Programs
In: Logic Programming in Action (eds. G. Comyn ,
N. E. Fuchs, M. J. Ratcliffe), Springer Verlag, pages 203-230 (1992)
R.
Kowalski, F. Toni,
Argument
and Reconciliation ,
In: International Symposium on Fifth Generation Computer Systems '94,
Workshop on Legal Reasoning, Tokyo, pages 9-16 (1994)
R.
Kowalski, F. Toni,
Abstract
Argumentation ,
In: Artificial Intelligence and Law Journal 4(3-4), Special Issue on
Logical Models of Argumentation, H. Prakken and
G. Sartor, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers,
pages 275-296 (1996)
Kowalski, R. and Kim, J. S.
A
Metalogic Programming Approach to Multi-Agent Knowledge and Belief
In Artificial Intelligence and Mathematical Theory of Computation (ed. V.
Lifschitz), Academic Press, 1991, pp. 231-246.
R.
Kowalski,
Logic
without Model Theory ,
In: What is a logical system?, D. Gabbay ed.,
Oxford University Press (1995)
Kowalski, R. and Sergot, M.
A
Logic-based Calculus of Events
In New Generation Computing, Vol. 4, No.1, February 1986, pp. 67-95. Also in
Knowledge Base Management-Systems, (eds. C. Thanos and J. W. Schmidt),
Springer-Verlag, pp. 23-51. Also in The Language of Time: A Reader (eds.
Inderjeet Mani, J. Pustejovsky, and R. Gaizauskas) Oxford University Press.
2005.
Kowalski, R.
Database
Updates in the Event Calculus
In Journal of Logic Programming, 1992, Vol. 12, No. 162, pp. 121-146.
R.
Kowalski, F. Sadri,
The
situation calculus and event calculus compared ,
In: Proc. International Logic Programming Symposium, ILPS'94 (1994)
F.
Sadri, R. Kowalski,
Variants
of the event calculus , In: Proc. International Conference on
Logic Programming, L. Sterling, ed., MIT Press (1995)
R.
Kowalski, F. Sadri,
Reconciling
the Situation Calculus and Event Calculus ,
In: Journal of Logic Programming Vol. 31, pages 39-58, Special Issue on
Reasoning about Action and Change (1997)
A.C.
Kakas, R. Kowalski, F. Toni,
Abductive logic programming ,
In: Journal of Logic and Computation 2(6) pages 719-770 (1992)
R.
Kowalski, F. Toni, G. Wetzel,
Towards a
declarative and efficient glass-box CLP language ,
In: Proc. of Logic Programming Workshop WLP'94, N. Fuchs and G. Gottlob, eds.,
F.
Toni, R. Kowalski,
Reduction
of abductive logic programs to normal logic
programs ,
In: Proc. International Conference on Logic Programming, L. Sterling, ed.,
MIT Press, pages 367-381 (1995)
G.
Wetzel, R. Kowalski, F. Toni,
A
Theorem-Proving Approach to CLP,
In: Proc. of Logic Programming Workshop WLP'95, A. Krall
and U. Geske, eds.,
R.
Kowalski, G. Wetzel, F. Toni,
A
Unifying Framework for ALP, CLP and SQO ,
Technical Report, Department of Computing, Imperial College, London (1996)
Fung, T.H. and Kowalski, R.
The IFF Proof Procedure for Abductive Logic Programming. Journal of Logic Programming, 1997.
A.
C. Kakas, R. Kowalski, F. Toni,
The Role
of Abduction in Logic Programming ,
In: Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming 5,
pages 235-324, D.M. Gabbay, C.J. Hogger and J.A. Robinson eds., Oxford University Press
(1998)
R.A.
Kowalski, F. Toni, G. Wetzel,
Executing
Suspended Logic Programs ,
In: Fundamenta Informatica
34 (3) (1998)
From Abduction to Argumentation
A.
Bondarenko, F. Toni, R. Kowalski,
An
Assumption-based Framework for Non-monotonic Reasoning ,
In: Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Logic Programming and
Non-monotonic Reasoning, L.M. Pereira and A. Nerode,
eds., pages 171-189 (1993)
F.
Toni, R. Kowalski,
An argumentation-theoretic
approach to logic program transformation ,
In: Proc. LOPSTR'95, International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and
Transformation, M. Proietti ed., LNCS 1048,
Springer Verlag, pages 61-75 (1995)
P.M.
Dung, R. Kowalski, F. Toni,
Synthesis
of proof procedures for default reasoning ,
In: Proc. LOPSTR'96, International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and
Transformation, J. Gallagher ed., LNCS 1207, Springer Verlag,
pages 313-324 (1996)
A.
Bondarenko, P.M. Dung, R. Kowalski, F. Toni,
An
abstract, argumentation-theoretic approach to default reasoning,
In: Artificial Intelligence 93(1-2) pages 63-101 (1997)
Dung, P. M., Kowalski, R., and Toni, F. Dialectic proof procedures for assumption-based, admissible argumentation , Journal of Artificial Intelligence 170(2), February 2006, pp. 114-159
Kowalski, R.,
Logic-based Open
Systems,
Department of Computing, Imperial College, 1985
In Representation and Reasoning. Jakob ph. Hoepelman (Hg.) Max Niemeyer Verlag,
Tübingen 1988, pp. 125-134.
R.
Kowalski,
Using metalogic to reconcile reactive with rational agents
,
In: Meta-Logics and Logic Programming (K. Apt and F. Turini,
eds.), MIT Press (1995)
R.
Kowalski, F. Sadri,
Towards
a unified agent architecture that combines rationality with reactivity
,
In: Proc. International Workshop on Logic in Databases, San Miniato, Italy, Springer- Verlag,
LNCS 1154 (1996)
R.
Kowalski, F. Sadri,
An Agent
Architecture that Unifies Rationality with Reactivity ,
Department of Computing, Imperial College (1997)
R.
Kowalski, F. Sadri,
From Logic
Programming towards Multi-agent Systems ,
In: Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence Volume 25, pages
391-419 (1999)
R.
Kowalski,
Artificial
intelligence and the Natural World ,
Cognitive Processing, Volume 2 (2001)
R. Kowalski,
The Logical
Way to be Artificially Intelligent
In Proceedings of CLIMA V (eds. F.
Toni and P. Torroni) Springer Verlag, LNAI,
2006, pp. 1-22 (This is a somewhat more technical summary of the book
"How to be
Artificially Intelligent – the
Relatively recent, miscellaneous papers
R.
Kowalski,
Logic
Programming
MIT Encyclopaedia of Cognitive Science (eds. R A
Wilson and F C Keil) MIT Press (1999)
R.
Kowalski,
Logic
Programming and the Real World
Logic Programming Newsletter. January 2001
R.
Kowalski,
Directions
for Logic Programming
Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond (eds.
A C Kakas and F Sadri) Springer, 2002,
26-32.
R.
Kowalski,
A logic-based
model for conflict resolution April 2003.
R. Kowalski,
Logic and Modularity April
2005.
R. Kowalski,
Computational Logic as a Dual Process Model of Thought February 2006.
last updated 23 January 2009