Robert Kowalski
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"International Directory of Logicians" , Dov M. Gabbay & John Woods (eds.) College Publications 2008.
This book, published in July 2011 by Cambridge University Press, presents the principles of Computational Logic, so that they can be applied by people in everyday life. I have written the main part of the book informally, both to reach a wider audience and to demonstrate that the enhanced logic is indeed useful for human thinking. However, I have also included a number of additional, more formal chapters for the more advanced reader.
I have given a short course based on the book at the Third International ALP/GULP Spring School on Computational Logic in Bertinoro, Italy, 10-15 April 2011. Here is a link to the slides.
Jacinto Davila has also used a draft of this book for a course at Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela. Here is a link to his Spanish translation of an earlier draft: http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/ingenieria/jacinto/kowalski/logica-de-agentes.html
The book, originally published by North-Holland in 1979, is now out of print.
Teleo-reactive (TR) programs are a variety of production systems with a destructively updated database that represents the current state of the environment. They combine proactive behaviour, which is goal-oriented, with reactive behaviour, which is sensitive to the changing environment. They can take advantage of situations in which the environment opportunistically solves the system’s goals, recover gracefully when the environment destroys solutions of its goals, and abort durative actions when higher priority goals need more urgent attention.
In this paper, we present an abductive logic programming (ALP) representation of TR programs, following the example of our ALP representation of the logic-based production system language LPS. The operational semantics of the representation employs a destructively updated database, which represents the current state of the environment, and avoids the frame problem of explicitly reasoning about the persistence of facts that are not affected by the updates. The model-theoretic semantics of the representation is defined by associating a logic program with the TR program, the sequence of observations and actions, and the succession of database states. In the semantics, the task is to generate actions so that all of the program’s goals are true in a minimal model of this associated logic program.
"For years, philosophers, linguists, and psychologists have puzzled over the relationship between human language and thought. Now, says Robert Kowalski, in the quest to create artificial intelligence in machines, researchers have come up with some unexpected answers."
WUENIC is a rule-based system implemented as a logic program, developed by WHO and UNICEF for estimating global, country by country, infant immunization coverage. It possesses many of the characteristics of rule-based legislation, facilitating decisions that are consistent, transparent and replicable. In this paper, we focus on knowledge representation and problem-solving issues, including the use of logical rules versus production rules, backward versus forward reasoning, and rules and exceptions versus argumentation
Here is an associated tutorial WUENIC: a logic-based representation of the WHO and UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage.
Research
in AI has built upon the tools and techniques of many different
disciplines, including formal logic, probability theory, decision
theory, management science, linguistics and philosophy. However, the
application of these disciplines in AI has necessitated the development
of many enhancements and extensions. Among the most powerful of these
are the methods of computational logic.
I argue that computational logic, embedded in an agent cycle,
combines and improves upon both traditional logic and classical
decision theory. I will also argue that many of its methods can be
used, not only in AI, but also in ordinary life, to help people improve
their own human intelligence without the assistance of computers.
To appear in Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence. This is an extended version of An Agent Language with Destructive Assignment and Model-theoretic Semantics, which appeared In CLIMA XI - Computational Logic in Multi- Agent Systems (eds. J. Dix, G. Governatori, W. Jamroga and J. Leite) Springer, 2010.
In this paper we present an agent language that combines agent functionality with an action theory and model-theoretic semantics. The language is based on abductive logic programming (ALP), but employs a simplified state-free syntax, with an operational semantics that uses destructive assignment to manipulate a database, which represents the current state of the environment. The language builds upon the ALP combination of logic programs, to represent an agent’s beliefs, and integrity constraints, to represent the agent’s goals. Logic programs are used to define macro-actions, intensional predicates, and plans to reduce goals to sub-goals including actions. Integrity constraints are used to represent reactive rules, which are triggered by the current state of the database and recent agent actions and external events. The execution of actions and the assimilation of observations generate a sequence of database states. In the case of the successful solution of all goals, this sequence, taken as a whole, determines a model that makes the agent’s goals and beliefs all true.
Early papers on theorem-proving, logic programming and knowledge representation:
Kowalski, R. and Kuehner, D.,
Linear
Resolution with Selection Function
In Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2, 1971, pp. 227-60.
Reprinted in Anthology of Automated Theorem-Proving Papers, Vol. 2, Springer-Verlag,
1983, pp. 542-577.
Kowalski, R.
A Proof
Procedure Using Connection Graphs
In JACM Vol. 22, No. 4, 1975, pp. 572-595.
van Emden, M. and Kowalski, R. The Semantics of Predicate Logic as a Programming Language In JACM , Vol. 23, No. 4, 1976, pp. 733-742.
Deliyanni, A. and Kowalski, R.
Logic and Semantic Networks
In CACM, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1979, pp. 184-192.
Kowalski, R.
Algorithm = Logic + Control
In CACM, Vol. 22, No. 7, 1979, pp. 424-436. Reprinted in Programming
Languages: A Grand Tour, Third Edition, (ed. E. Horwitz),
Computer Science Press, Maryland, 1986, pp. 480-492.
Kowalski, R. The Relationship between Logic Programming and Logic Specification In Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, Vol 312, 1984, pp. 345-361.
Kowalski, R. The Limitations of Logic In Proceedings of ACM Computer Science Conference, 1986, pp 7-13. Revised version in Proceedings of SEAS, Heidelberg, 1986, pp. 1-13. Also in Knowledge Base Management Systems, (eds. C. Thanos and J. W. Schmidt), Springer-Verlag, pp. 477-489.
Kowalski, R., Sadri, F. and Soper, P. Integrity Checking in Deductive Databases In Proceedings of VLDB, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, Ca., 1987, pp. 61-69.
Kowalski, R. The Early Years of Logic Programming In CACM, 1988, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 38-43.
Legal reasoning and argumentation
Sergot, M., Sadri, F., Kowalski,
R., Kriwaczek, F., Hammond, P., and Cory,T.
The British Nationality Act as a Logic Program
In CACM, Vol. 29, No. 5, 1986, pp. 370-386.
Kowalski, R.
The
Treatment of Negation in Logic Programs for Representing Legislation
In Proceedings of Second International Conference on AI and Law, (ed. E.
Rissland) Vancouver, Canada, ACM Press, 1989, pp. 11-15.
R. Kowalski, Legislation as Logic Programs
In: Logic Programming in Action (eds. G. Comyn ,
N. E. Fuchs, M. J. Ratcliffe), Springer Verlag, pages 203-230 (1992)
R.
Kowalski, F. Toni,
Argument
and Reconciliation ,
In: International Symposium on Fifth Generation Computer Systems '94,
Workshop on Legal Reasoning, Tokyo, pages 9-16 (1994)
R.
Kowalski, F. Toni, Abstract
Argumentation ,
In: Artificial Intelligence and Law Journal 4(3-4), Special Issue on
Logical Models of Argumentation, H. Prakken and
G. Sartor, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers,
pages 275-296 (1996)
Kowalski, R. and Kim, J. S.
A
Metalogic Programming Approach to Multi-Agent Knowledge and Belief
In Artificial Intelligence and Mathematical Theory of Computation (ed. V.
Lifschitz), Academic Press, 1991, pp. 231-246.
R.
Kowalski,
Logic
without Model Theory ,
In: What is a logical system?, D. Gabbay ed.,
Oxford University Press (1995)
Kowalski, R. and Sergot, M.
A
Logic-based Calculus of Events
In New Generation Computing, Vol. 4, No.1, February 1986, pp. 67-95. Also in
Knowledge Base Management-Systems, (eds. C. Thanos and J. W. Schmidt),
Springer-Verlag, pp. 23-51. Also in The Language of Time: A Reader (eds.
Inderjeet Mani, J. Pustejovsky, and R. Gaizauskas) Oxford University Press.
2005.
Kowalski, R.
Database
Updates in the Event Calculus
In Journal of Logic Programming, 1992, Vol. 12, No. 162, pp. 121-146.
R. Kowalski, F. Sadri, The situation calculus and event calculus compared , In: Proc. International Logic Programming Symposium, ILPS'94 (1994)
F. Sadri, R. Kowalski, Variants of the event calculus , In: Proc. International Conference on Logic Programming, L. Sterling, ed., MIT Press (1995)
R. Kowalski, F. Sadri, Reconciling the Situation Calculus and Event Calculus , In: Journal of Logic Programming Vol. 31, pages 39-58, Special Issue on Reasoning about Action and Change (1997)
A.C.
Kakas, R. Kowalski, F. Toni, Abductive logic programming ,
In: Journal of Logic and Computation 2(6) pages 719-770 (1992)
R. Kowalski, F. Toni, G. Wetzel,
Towards a
declarative and efficient glass-box CLP language ,
In: Proc. of Logic Programming Workshop WLP'94, N. Fuchs and G. Gottlob, eds.,
F. Toni, R. Kowalski, Reduction of abductive logic programs to normal logic programs , In: Proc. International Conference on Logic Programming, L. Sterling, ed., MIT Press, pages 367-381 (1995)
G.
Wetzel, R. Kowalski, F. Toni,
A
Theorem-Proving Approach to CLP, In: Proc. of Logic Programming Workshop WLP'95, A. Krall
and U. Geske, eds.,
R. Kowalski, G. Wetzel, F. Toni, A Unifying Framework for ALP, CLP and SQO , Technical Report, Department of Computing, Imperial College, London (1996)
Fung, T.H. and Kowalski, R. The IFF Proof Procedure for Abductive Logic Programming. Journal of Logic Programming, 1997.
A. C. Kakas, R. Kowalski, F. Toni, The Role of Abduction in Logic Programming , In: Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming 5, pages 235-324, D.M. Gabbay, C.J. Hogger and J.A. Robinson eds., Oxford University Press (1998)
R.A. Kowalski, F. Toni, G. Wetzel, Executing Suspended Logic Programs , In: Fundamenta Informatica 34 (3) (1998)
From Abduction to Argumentation
A. Bondarenko, F. Toni, R. Kowalski, An Assumption-based Framework for Non-monotonic Reasoning , In: Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Logic Programming and Non-monotonic Reasoning, L.M. Pereira and A. Nerode, eds., pages 171-189 (1993)
F. Toni, R. Kowalski, An argumentation-theoretic approach to logic program transformation , In: Proc. LOPSTR'95, International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation, M. Proietti ed., LNCS 1048, Springer Verlag, pages 61-75 (1995)
P.M. Dung, R. Kowalski, F. Toni, Synthesis of proof procedures for default reasoning , In: Proc. LOPSTR'96, International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation, J. Gallagher ed., LNCS 1207, Springer Verlag, pages 313-324 (1996)
A. Bondarenko, P.M. Dung, R. Kowalski, F. Toni, An abstract, argumentation-theoretic approach to default reasoning, In: Artificial Intelligence 93(1-2) pages 63-101 (1997)
Dung, P. M., Kowalski, R., and Toni, F. Dialectic proof procedures for assumption-based, admissible argumentation , Journal of Artificial Intelligence 170(2), February 2006, pp. 114-159
Kowalski, R., Logic-based Open Systems, Department of Computing, Imperial College, 1985. In Representation and Reasoning. Jakob ph. Hoepelman (Hg.) Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 1988, pp. 125-134.
R. Kowalski, Using metalogic to reconcile reactive with rational agents , In: Meta-Logics and Logic Programming (K. Apt and F. Turini, eds.), MIT Press (1995)
R. Kowalski, F. Sadri, Towards a unified agent architecture that combines rationality with reactivity, In: Proc. International Workshop on Logic in Databases, San Miniato, Italy, Springer- Verlag, LNCS 1154 (1996)
R. Kowalski, F. Sadri, An Agent Architecture that Unifies Rationality with Reactivity , Department of Computing, Imperial College (1997)
R. Kowalski, F. Sadri, From Logic Programming towards Multi-agent Systems , In: Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence Volume 25, pages 391-419 (1999)
R. Kowalski, Artificial intelligence and the Natural World , Cognitive Processing, Volume 2 (2001)
R. Kowalski, Logic Programming MIT Encyclopaedia of Cognitive Science (eds. R A Wilson and F C Keil) MIT Press (1999)
R. Kowalski, Logic Programming and the Real World Logic Programming Newsletter. January 2001
R. Kowalski, Directions for Logic Programming Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond (eds. A C Kakas and F Sadri) Springer, 2002, 26-32.
R. Kowalski, A logic-based model for conflict resolution April 2003.
R. Kowalski, Logic and Modularity April 2005.
R. Kowalski, Computational Logic as a Dual Process Model of Thought February 2006.
Updated 1 February 2012